A stock market, equity market, or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers of stocks (also called shares), which represent ownership claims on businesses; these may include securities listed on a public stock exchange, as well as stock that is only traded privately, such as shares of private companies which are sold to investors through equity crowdfunding platforms. Investment is usually made with an investment strategy in mind.
Trade in stock markets means the transfer (in exchange for money) of a stock or security from a seller to a buyer. This requires these two parties to agree on a price. Equities (stocks or shares) confer an ownership interest in a particular company.
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In a 2003 paper by Vissing-Jørgensen attempts to explain disproportionate rates of participation along wealth and income groups as a function of fixed costs associated with investing. Her research concludes that a fixed cost of $200 per year is sufficient to explain why nearly half of all U.S. households do not participate in the market.[14] Participation rates have been shown to strongly correlate with education levels, promoting the hypothesis that information and transaction costs of market participation are better absorbed by more educated households. Behavioral economists Harrison Hong, Jeffrey Kubik and Jeremy Stein suggest that sociability and participation rates of communities have a statistically significant impact on an individual's decision to participate in the market. Their research indicates that social individuals living in states with higher than average participation rates are 5% more likely to participate than individuals that do not share those characteristics.[15] This phenomenon also explained in cost terms. Knowledge of market functioning diffuses through communities and consequently lowers transaction costs associated with investing.
The stock market is one of the most important ways for companies to raise money, along with debt markets which are generally more imposing but do not trade publicly.[20] This allows businesses to be publicly traded, and raise additional financial capital for expansion by selling shares of ownership of the company in a public market. The liquidity that an exchange affords the investors enables their holders to quickly and easily sell securities. This is an attractive feature of investing in stocks, compared to other less liquid investments such as property and other immoveable assets.
Rising share prices, for instance, tend to be associated with increased business investment and vice versa. Share prices also affect the wealth of households and their consumption. Therefore, central banks tend to keep an eye on the control and behavior of the stock market and, in general, on the smooth operation of financial system functions. Financial stability is the raison d'être of central banks.[22]
A stock market crash is often defined as a sharp dip in share prices of stocks listed on the stock exchanges. In parallel with various economic factors, a reason for stock market crashes is also due to panic and investing public's loss of confidence. Often, stock market crashes end speculative economic bubbles.
In short selling, the trader borrows stock (usually from his brokerage which holds its clients shares or its own shares on account to lend to short sellers) then sells it on the market, betting that the price will fall. The trader eventually buys back the stock, making money if the price fell in the meantime and losing money if it rose. Exiting a short position by buying back the stock is called "covering". This strategy may also be used by unscrupulous traders in illiquid or thinly traded markets to artificially lower the price of a stock. Hence most markets either prevent short selling or place restrictions on when and how a short sale can occur. The practice of naked shorting is illegal in most (but not all) stock markets.
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If you want to grow your career in the financial market, then it is required to clear the necessary certification first of all. NISM is one of the most approached tests by the students for building their expertise in the financial domain. But, this test is not easy to clear without gathering a proper knowledge about its syllabus and important concepts. To help the students in this, Pass4Sure is offering its precisely prepared NISM Study material and workbooks.
Do you want to start your career in Indian Securities or Financial Markets, then It is required to pass the compulsory or mandatory certification or examination conducted by NISM (National Institute of Securities Market). To help candidates appearing for NISM Exams need workbooks and study material to prepare. Negi Learning Academy, an educational arm of Negi Financial provides the NISM workbook in PDF format so that candidates must have some idea about the content of NISM certification. NISM Provides several modules for the certification examination. The below list of NISM modules will help candidates to choose their respective exams. NISM courses workbooks are available in PDF format to download.
These NISM workbooks in PDF cover all the topics of the NISM test paper. The workbooks cover sample test objectives and the complete curriculum of the NISM certification examination. NISM conducts exams with the latest workbooks. Candidates who have successfully enrolled for any exam get the NISM workbook in the NISM login. The difficulty level of exams varies according to the certifications. Beginners module exams are for candidates who want to learn the basics of those modules. NISM courses range from derivatives, securities market, mutual funds, investment advisers, portfolio managers, registrar and transfer agents.
NISM series 5A/VA examination module seeks to create a common minimum knowledge benchmark for all persons involved in selling and distributing mutual funds. The certification aims to enhance the quality of sales, distribution and related support services in the mutual fund industry.Get ready to download the free NISM series 5A exam workbook in PDF.
NISM-SERIES-V-B: Mutual Fund Foundation Certification Examination seeks to create a common minimum knowledge benchmark for a new cadre of mutual fund distributors, as per SEBI circular CIR/IMD/DF/21/2012 dated September 13, 2012, involved in selling and distributing simple and performing mutual fund schemes.Get NISM VB/ 5B free PDF Workbook to download.
NISM Series VII: Securities Operations and Risk Management (SORM) Certification Examination seeks to create a common minimum knowledge benchmark as the requisite standard for associated persons of a registered stock-broker / trading member / clearing member in recognized stock exchanges, involved in (a) assets or funds of investor or clients (b) redressal of investor grievances, (c) internal control or risk management and (d) activities having a bearing on operational risk.Get NISM series 7 sorm free workbook in PDF to download.
NISM-Series-VIII: or Series 8 Equity Derivatives Certification Examination seeks to create a common minimum knowledge benchmark for associated persons functioning as approved users and sales personnel of the trading member of an equity derivatives exchange or equity derivative 2022 segment of a recognized stock exchange.Get free PDF NISM series 8 equity derivatives workbook to download.
NISM Series X-A: Investment Adviser (Level 1) Certification Examination seeks to create a common minimum knowledge benchmark for an individual investment adviser or principal officer of a non-individual investment adviser, under SEBI (Investment Advisers) Regulations, 2013 and persons associated with investment advice.Get NISM XA/ 10A Workbook free to download.
NISM-Series-X-B: Investment Adviser (Level 2) Certification Examination seeks to create a common minimum knowledge benchmark for an individual investment adviser or principal officer of a non-individual investment adviser, under SEBI (Investment Advisers) Regulations, 2013 and persons associated with investment advice.Get NISM XB/ 10B Workbook free to download.
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Download is Free for all Registered Users of PrepCafe. All NISM Study Material is provided for free on an as is basis for the benefit of NISM exam takers and should not be used for commercial purposes. All NISM Workbooks and NISM Study Material are copyrighted material of NISM and PrepCafe Academy does not own the NISM study material. Every effort is made to keep the latest version of NISM Study Material for download.
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